Over dependence on markets in the developed countries was the cause for shrinkage in Indian exports. As the recovery in developed countries and increase in demand is slow, India should strengthen trade bonds with the developing and least developed countries. Instead of pushing for Bilateral Investment and Trade Agreement (BITA) with EU which is fraught with problems like intellectual property rights, agreements on dairy and pharma sectors, India should look for more South-South cooperation and extend its outreach to new non-traditional markets in Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Asian Republics, Africa, small Pacific island countries and even explore greater opportunities in Russia for exports.

The energy-rich countries and those endowed with natural resources in these regions can attract Indian investments and solve the problem of India’s energy security. India should focus on project exports to Africa, West Asia, Central Asian Republics and some ASEAN countries. Recovery in developing countries is faster than in the developed world. Bonds with these countries will help India fight against the developed world for a level playing field at the WTO.

The growth trends in India’s exports and imports became erratic with the changing situation. After a negative trend in export growth (-1.82%) in 2012-13, the performance improved to 4.66% in 2013-14. But imports dipped to -8.26% in 2013-14 from a low base of 0.29% in the previous year. Trade balance remained negative at $1,35,794 million.

Growth in exports is maintained in the current fiscal (April-August 2014) growing at 7.31% to $1,34,798 million. But growth in imports turned negative by 2.69%. with $4,50,200 million trade balance improved but still remained negative at $56,151 million. As the manufacturing sector in the country is picking up imports of capital goods, machinery and key raw materials are likely to rise. However services enjoy positive trade balance.  

Trade has invariably become an integral part of diplomacy. As the new government after assuming office is slated to come out with a new Foreign Trade Policy for the next five years, it would be advisable that the Ministry of Commerce and Industry work in close cooperation with the Ministry of External Affairs while evolving this new policy. Adequate incentives should be given for export promotion to Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Pacific Islands, Central Asian Republics and Russia.

India had made some initial attempts to explore new export destinations in South America and the Caribbean, but with limited success. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs has just begun the process of engaging with the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), consisting of 33 sovereign countries representing about 600 million people. The group includes Mexico and excludes Canada and the United States, as well as the territories of France, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom in the Americas. There are sub-regional groupings like Mercosur and the Andean with which India should engage.

CELAC was created on December 3, 2011, in Caracas, Venezuela to deepen Latin American integration and to reduce the once overwhelming influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America. It is an alternative to the Organization of American States (OAS), the regional body organised largely by Washington in 1948, ostensibly as a countermeasure to the then potential Soviet influence in the region. This is the right time for India to step in, particularly when it has closer relationship with a major country in the region, Brazil.

However in the last year, there was over 20% decline in India’s exports to Latin America, but in the first quarter of the current fiscal Indian exports to Latin America has grown by 35% from $2.1 billion to $2.9 billion. Exports to Brazil grew by 75%, followed by exports to Peru by 25% and exports to Columbia by 17%. However, the import restrictions imposed by Argentina are a cause of concern.

CELAC is diverse with countries following different economic systems and trade policies. It has 18 Spanish-speaking countries, one each Portuguese, French and Dutch speaking country and 12 English-speaking countries. However, by and large the countries in the region want to move out of the predominant US influence. China is also engaging with the region. Trade between China and Latin America grew by 8% to $255.5 billion in 2012, faster than the 6.2% growth of the continent’s trade with the US.

A study by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean predicts China will surpass the European Union as Latin America’s second-largest trading partner in 2016. Some estimates forecast that in 15 years, China will overtake the US to become Latin America’s largest trade partner. Chinese investment in the continent’s energy and infrastructure sectors is rising rapidly, with more than $550 billion of infrastructure projects in the market. It is to be seen how effectively India plays its diplomacy in the region for boosting trade relations and energy imports.

India mainly engages with the diverse African continent through the umbrella body African Union comprising 55 countries. But Morocco is not a member of African Union while some countries remain suspended from membership due to political reasons. It would be better for India to engage with regional groups in Africa, if not directly with countries. Regional groups have overlapping membership. There are eight groups recognised by the African Union like Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD), East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and Southern African Development Community (SADC).

There are eight other groups not recognised by the African Union like Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA/WAEMU), Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL), Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), Mano River Union (MRU), Southern African Customs Union (SACU), International Conference on Great Lakes Region (ICGLR/CIRGL), Senegal River Basin Development Authority (OMVS). Thus it would be tactically advantageous for India to engage with each of these groups.

Traditionally, India has good trade relations with eastern, northern and southern Africa. It is time to give added focus for developing greater trade relations with central and western Africa. Prospects for engaging with sub-Saharan Africa looks bright with good recovery in the region.

In its Look East Policy, India has already engaged itself substantially with the South-East Asia and East Asia. It is now time to look further east and engage with the natural resource rich small Pacific Ocean islands. With Australia and New Zealand in the region partnering with these countries, it would not be difficult to engage with countries that form the Pacific Ocean Island Forum to which India enjoys an Observer status.

Though the growth rate in Central Asian Republics and Russia remains subdued, it is an opportune moment for India to engage with the energy-rich and natural resource-rich region. The situation of recent EU and US sanctions against Russia provides an opportunity for India to regain its lost markets in specific products.