The over-hyped green revolution of the late 1960s introduced varieties of dwarf rice and wheat in northern India, with a cocktail of chemical fertilisers and pesticides that sucked up ground water and gradually made it unfit for drinking as the chemicals leached into the soil and water. State-sponsored propaganda about “miraculous yields” extended the phenomenon across the country, ruining soil fertility and the nutritious value of food crops; the impact on public health was noticed by the medical community, but all voices were silenced. Today, Gurdaspur-to-Delhi trains are called “cancer express”, yet there has been no medical study of the harm caused by chemical agriculture to the health of humans, animals, soil, and water resources.

Now, four momentous laws could pave the way for a revolution in which farmers drive the change, with technology playing a supportive role. If government repudiates the genetically-modified food crops lobby, India could return to farming methods that do not require costly inputs and force farmers into a vicious cycle of debt (and even suicide).

On September 16, 2020, one day before the three agriculture-related bills were moved in Parliament, the Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020 was passed, bringing all cooperative banks under the purview of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It means stricter supervision of 1,482 urban and 58 multi-state cooperative banks, with deposits of Rs. 4.84 lakh crore.

The legislation undermines the strongmen who control the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs), mandis, loans, etc. in many States. It is noteworthy that large farmers are resisting the new laws; earlier they opposed MGNREGA as they had to match wages or lose farm labour. The ongoing COVID epidemic has also improved the bargaining power of farm labour, and added to the bitterness of large farmers. Often, agents arranged debt for farmers from private moneylenders, who charged usurious interest and enjoyed political heft; such debt has been linked to farmer suicides in some States.

Simultaneously, the Union cabinet approved Rs 15,000-crore fund for animal husbandry as part of Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan stimulus package, and a scheme for interest subvention of two per cent to ‘shishu’ loan category borrowers for one year under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana. These developments form the sub-text to the Farm Bills.

The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act 2020 allows sale and marketing of produce outside notified APMC mandis. State governments cannot collect market fee, cess or levy for trade outside the APMC markets; inter-state trade barriers are nixed and provisions made for electronic trading of agricultural produce. No license is needed; anyone with a PAN card can buy directly from farmers. The new system provides a dispute resolution mechanism in case farmers are not paid immediately, or within three days.

The APMCs failed as they allowed vested interests to seize the system. States levied cess to earn extra revenue that was not part of the budget and was used for ‘discretionary’ development spending, mostly under the chief minister’s orders. As the cess increased, political appointees took charge of the APMCs. Even FCI paid cess. Small farmers were burdened with the cost of transport to take their produce to the mandis, and deal with middlemen. For instance, waiting outside sugar mills, with heat evaporating the sugar content in the cane, desperate farmers have succumbed to agents (of nearby mandis) who arrive miraculously and dictate the price.

Under the new Act, politicians and urban elite farmers will find it difficult to get large “agricultural” incomes mandi-certified, and pay zero per cent income tax, as payments have to be made against PAN cards.

The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 regulates contractual farming rules and state APMC Acts. Farmers can make contracts with a corporate entity or wholesaler at a mutually agreed price. The system already exists in 20 States; PepsiCo buys potatoes from 24,000 farmers across nine States. Further, 18 States already permit private mandis, while Kerala and Bihar don’t have APMC mandis at all. More pertinently, the Act prohibits acquiring ownership rights of farmers’ land.

The Centre has funded ?6,685-crore for formation of 10,000 farmer producer organisations (FPOs) and ?1 lakh crore Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF). The FPO will give farmers higher bargaining power, while AIF and market reforms serve as additional enablers. They can invest in farm equipment, infrastructure and build forward market linkages by making agreements with agribusinesses, thus improving access to technology and investment. Maharashtra’s Sahyadri Farmers Producer Co. Ltd., with 8,000 marginal farmers, exports 16,000 tonnes of grapes every season.

The end of socialist-era impediments should stimulate increased private sector investment across the value chain, creating jobs in logistics service providers, warehouse operators and processing unit staff. The rise of food-processing industries could create non-farm jobs in rural areas. India processes less than 10 per cent of output (cereals, fruits, vegetables, fish, etc.) and loses around Rs 90,000 crore annually to wastage. Hopefully, market linkages will motivate farmers to diversify and grow crops such as edible oils, and help reduce India’s edible oil import bill that currently stands at over $10 billion.

Finally, The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 removes excessive controls on production, storage, movement and distribution of food commodities; removes cereals, pulses, oilseeds, edible oils, onion and potatoes from the list of essential commodities, and paves the way for cold chain infrastructure to come up. Previously, controls regarding storage of essential commodities (onions, potatoes, edible oils, jute, rice paddy, sugar) gave draconian powers to authorities to raid “hoarders”, confiscate stocks, cancel licensing and even imprison offenders. This naturally discouraged investment in storage as entrepreneurs feared being prosecuted as “hoarders”. Lack of storage also contributed to volatility in prices as price stability depends on adequate storage.

Henceforth, The ECA 2020 will be invoked only under extraordinary circumstances such as war, famine, natural calamity of grave nature and extraordinary price rise (100 percent increase in retail price of horticultural produce over the preceding 12 months, or 50 percent increase in retail price of non-perishables over the preceding five years).

Dismissing the propaganda that the new laws would end the minimum support price (MSP), the Centre has quietly ordered procurement, effectively nipping the canard that small and marginal farmers would be shortchanged. It remains to be seen how long the critics can sustain the mobilisation on the streets.

(The author is a senior journalist. Views are personal)